1. What is a patent?
A patent is an exclusive right to a new invention. It is granted by patent offices to give the
applicant the right, for a limited period of time, to prevent others from (re-) producing,
offering, using or selling the invention without his permission. When a patent is granted,
the invention is the applicant's property and can be exploited. A patent is a territorial
right and will protect the invention only within the country for which the patent protection
has been granted. A patent is an intellectual property right and is granted for inventions in
a technical field.
2. What can I get a patent for?
Patents are granted for technical inventions. Patentable inventions are:
- A product
- The use of a product
- A method
Biotechnological inventions are patentable with certain restrictions.
Biotechnological inventions are inventions that consist of or contain biological material or
that consist of a procedure to produce, treat or use biological material
3. What is not patentable?
Anything that ordinarily fulfils the criteria of being an invention but contradicts with
morality or “ordre public” is not patentable. Plant or animal varieties or biological
processes for the breeding of plants and animals are not patentable.
The following results are considered non-patentable inventions:
- discoveries, scientific theories or mathematical methods,
- aesthetic creations,
- a scheme, rule or method for performing a mental act, playing a game or doing
business, or computer software producing no technical effect,
- the presentation of information.
4. Which conditions are absolutely necessary for an invention to be patentable?
So far, no patent common to all countries exists. The conditions for the granting of a
patent are governed by each Country. However, all EU member states have harmonised their
patent laws in accordance with the rules established by the European Patent Convention (EPC).
Inventions are patentable when they fulfil the following conditions:
4.1 NOVELTY
In order to be patentable the invention must be new. An invention is considered new if it is not part
of the prior state-of-the-art. Most patent offices follow the concept of "absolute" novelty, which
means that the invention has never been made public in any way anywhere in the world, for example in
written or oral descriptions or by use, before the date the patent is filed. It is advisable to obtain
information about the state-of-the-art by carrying out a novelty search.
4.2 BASED ON AN INVENTIVE STEP
The patentable invention must also represent an inventive step. This means that, from the
point of view of a person skilled in the relevant area of technology, the invention does not
obviously follow from the state-of-the-art. Therefore, it is crucial to define whether the
step that led to the invention could be anticipated by an expert skilled in the relevant area
or whether it exceeds the expected step of further development. The inventive step requirement
is intended to prevent patent rights from forming barriers to routine development. Various factors,
depending on the field of the application, are taken into account to determine what an inventive step is.
4.3 INDUSTRIALLY APPLICABLE
An invention must be capable of being produced or used in some kind of industry. This criterion
is met if the invention can be produced or used in any kind of industry, including agriculture.
"Industry" is meant in its broadest sense as anything distinct from purely intellectual or
aesthetic activity. It does not necessarily imply the use of a machine or the manufacture
of an article.
An invention is considered not to have an industrial application if it relates to a
medical treatment or medical diagnostic method.
5. Indian, European and international Patent Application
An applicant can also choose, if he wishes to apply for a Indian patent, to do so via a
European office or to file an international patent application.
5.1 INDIAN PATENTS (NATIONAL PATENTS)
India has its own patent system. To obtain rights in India it is required to file
separate patent application in India before Indian Patent Office.
However, there are a couple of national differences in the patent systems. Most states,
such as in Europe, apply the so-called first-to-file rule. According to this rule, the
first applicant has priority over any subsequent applicant. In some other countries,
such as in the US, the corresponding rule is known as first-to-invent. According to
this principle, in the event of conflicting applications, the person who first made
the invention is entitled to the patent and not the person who first applied for the patent.
5.2 EUROPEAN PATENT
Since 1st June 1978, patent protection based on a single European patent application has
been obtainable in a number of states. An applicant requests protection for the invention
in one or more countries party to the European Patent Convention via the European Patent
Office. Once a patent is granted using a centralised procedure, a European patent breaks
down into national patents like a bunch of flowers. European patents are then treated as
national patents in each of the designated states.
5.3 INTERNATIONAL PATENT APPLICATION
An application is international when it is filed under and with reference to the Patent
Cooperation Treaty (PCT). The PCT makes it easier for inventors to obtain protection in
more than one state or region as they only need to file a single patent application to
do so. A PCT procedure consists of two main phases. It begins with the filing of an international
application and ends with the granting of national and/or regional patents. In addition, there are
several other regional Patent Agreements, such as the
Eurasian Patent Convention, and the
African
Regional Industrial Property Organization and the
African Intellectual Property Organization.
6. How to read a patent document
To be valid, a patent should enable a person skilled in that particular area to reproduce the
invention. The description of the invention in a patent document published by the patent office
consists of the patent claims, drawings and the description.
6.1 PATENT CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS
The classification of patents arose from the need to handle a high volume of patent
documents. Classification is used for two different purposes:
- Classifying patent documents by their technical content. Due to the
vast amount of patent information that is stored in patent offices, the
classification system was introduced to make filing easier and to guarantee
quick access to documents.
- To serve as search tool. Patent classification systems are used for searches such as:
- state of the art searches;
- infringement searches;
- novelty searches;
- validity/patentability searches
6.2 IPC SYSTEM
The
International Patent Classification (IPC) system is published by the
WIPO and is revised at intervals of five years. The IPC system divides all technical
fields into symbols. It is called "international" because it is both internationally
agreed and internationally used.
The system is used by the industrial property offices of nearly 90 states, four
regional offices and the International Bureau of the WIPO. Technology is classified
into eight sections with up to 67,000 subdivisions. The symbol for each subdivision
consists of Arabic numerals and Roman letters. National and regional patent offices
index all patent applications and granted patents using these symbols. Please see the
IPC list for classifying the patent documents of the various countries. Currently about
95% of all patent documents published worldwide are indexed using the IPC
New editions are published every five years. The
current8th edition of the
IPC entered into force on 1st January 2006. The IPC is edited in its original language
versions, English and French.
The IPC is divided into:
- Sections (8)
- Classes (120)
- Subclasses (600)
- Main groups
- Subgroups (IPC-2006 contains about 70,000 groups)
With each step the classification becomes more detailed.
6.3 EUROPEAN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
The
European Classification (EC) system is a European Patent Office internal
classification system based on the International Patent Classification symbols. The
EPO assigns EC symbols to patents upon publication to make the classification more
precise and therefore easier to use. To do so, EC subgroups are added to the IPC symbol.
Unlike the IPC, which remains fixed for five years, the EC classification system is
constantly changing to adapt to the needs of technological development. However,
only one version exists at any given time.
If the classification system is changed in the EC system, all patents are reclassified
according to the new system. This differs from the IPC system, in which all patents are
classified according to the edition in force when the patent is filed. When the next
edition enters into force five years later, patents classified under the old edition
are not reclassified. This results in patent documents having a classification symbol
different from the one they should have according to the edition currently in force.
6.4 OTHER CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS
- Derwent Classification System
- USPTO Classification System
7. How to benefit from patent
Patents, like any other property, may be sold, licensed or mortgaged either for
payment or free of charge. Therefore, a patent owner has the right to decide who
may use his patented invention for the period during which the invention is protected.
The owner may also sell the right to the invention to someone else, who will then become
the new patent owner. Once a patent expires, the protection granted by the state ends,
and an invention enters the public domain, that is, the owner no longer holds exclusive
rights to the invention, which becomes available for commercial exploitation by others.
7.1 OWN EXPLOITATION
The patentee may exploit the patent himself. That means that he may manufacture the
product protected by his patent himself or through his own company and then distribute
it through his own sales organisation. This form of direct patent exploitation is the
easiest method of exploitation.
7.2 TRANSFER
A patent may, like any other property title, also be bought or sold (patent purchase).
In this case, the patent owner transfers his patent rights to another individual or
entity, who then becomes the patent owner.
7.3 LICENSING
Through a licence, the patent owner allows another person to use the patented
invention either free of charge or in exchange for a so-called licence fee.
The licence may be an
exclusive licence, which means that the right is conceded
to only one person or entity, which will have the sole right to use the patented
invention and to exclude others from doing so.
It is also possible to award what is called a
simple licence. In contrast to the
exclusive licence, in this case the licencee is only granted the simple right to
use the invention without the possibility of excluding others from using the invention.
The patentee remains in a position to use the invention himself, to award simple licences
to others and to prosecute patent infringers.
A basic difference, as compared to patent purchase, lies in the fact that the
patentee does not give up his legal position as patent owner.
PATENT PROSECUTION IN INDIA
1. THE APPLICATION
An application for Patent must be made in the format prescribed by the Patents Act and the Patent Rules. All
applications must be accompanied by a patent specification clearly describing the invention claimed. The
following documents must accompany the application:
- An Application for Grant of Patent on Form 1.
- Complete Specification on Form 2. [Descriptions, Claims and Drawings]
- Declaration of the inventorship signed by the applicant on Form 5.
- The Statement and Undertaking regarding corresponding foreign filings on Form 3.
- Priority documents, if any, if not in English, verified English translation thereof;
- Proof for the applicant’s right to apply for patent. [Assignment Deed]
- Power of Attorney on Form 26
The filing date can be obtained, if the following documents/information are made available:
- The Complete Specification;
- Name, address and legal status of the Applicant;
- Name(s), address (es) and nationality (ies) of the Inventor(s)
- The priority details. (if any)
Form 1 must be signed by the inventors. However, it could be signed by the agent at the time of lodgment and
it can be substituted with a duly signed copy within 3 months from the date of lodgment. To claim priority from
corresponding foreign applications, certified copies of the priority document must be filed. Upon filing a Patent
Application, the Patent office issues an official filing receipt, which will contain the Indian Patent Application
Number assigned to the application
2. THE APPLICANT
The Applicant for a Patent can be either the true and first inventor(s) or the assignee or the legal
representative of the true and the first inventor(s).
3. PUBLICATION
The Patents Amendment Act, 2002 brought into force Sections 11A concerning publication of applications.
All patent applications will be published in the on the expiry of 18 months from the date of filing or
the date of priority whichever is earlier.
4. THE EXAMINATION
The Patent Office will examine an application once a Request for Examination is filed. The Request for Examination
must be filed after the publication of the application and within 36 months from the date of filing. The timeline
for putting the application in order for acceptance is 12 months from the date of issue of the First Statement of
Objection. The Applicant can seek an extension of time for a maximum period of 3 months in the prescribed manner for
putting application in order for acceptance. This deadline is non-extendible.
5. GRANT
Once the applicant complies with all the requirements under the Patents Act and the Patents Rules, the
Patent shall be granted.
6. RENEWAL
Annuity must be paid at the expiration of two year from the date of patent and before the expiration of
all succeeding years. A patent becomes ineffective if the annuity is not paid in time.
European Patents
1. INTRODUCTION
The provisions of the European Patent Convention (EPC) quoted in this Guide are
indicated in parentheses. Consulting the EPC before taking any decisions is strongly recommended.
The original texts are contained in the following EPO publications:
"European Patent
Convention" and
"Ancillary Regulations to the European Patent Convention", which
can be viewed on the website of the
European Patent Office. This website also offers a lot of
other useful information. Readers desiring further information are advised to consult the
"Guidelines for examination in the European Patent Office", issued by the President
of the European Patent Office for the benefit of those concerned with procedure. These.
These guidelines are also very useful for applicants.
2. NATURE AND PURPOSE
Before the European Patent Convention (EPC) came into force, patent protection for
an invention could only be achieved territorially, that is to say separately in each
national state. Patent applications had to be filed in the various languages at the
respective national patent offices and the different national patent systems had to
be taken into account. The European Patent Organisation (EPO) was set up on the
basis of the EPC, which was signed in 1973, and provides patent protection for
Europe on the basis of a single patent application and a single grant procedure.
In other words, the EPC only established a single procedure for granting patents
for subsequent registration in the national Contracting States and established
certain standard rules governing those patents.
The aim of the EPC is to strengthen the co-operation between the European States with
respect to the protection of inventions by making protection easier, cheaper and more
reliable through the creation of a single European procedure for the granting of a patent.
Once a patent is granted, a European patent breaks down into national patents. European
patents are then treated as national patents in each of the designated states. Hence,
costs arise involving regular annual fees that have to be paid in each of the designated
states in addition to translation costs.
The European patent shall, in each of the Contracting States for which it is granted,
be subject to the same conditions as a national patent granted by that State and shall
have the same effects.
Any
infringement of a European patent is dealt with by national law. The term
of the European patent is
twenty years from the date the application is filed.
3. ADVANTAGES
The European procedure has not replaced national granting procedures. An applicant
seeking patent protection in one or more EPC Contracting States has a choice between
the national procedure in each State for which he desires protection and the European
route which, through a single procedure, confers protection in all Contracting States
that he has designated.
The EPC uniformly determines the extent of protection conferred by the European patent
(Art. 69) for all Contracting States. The European patent constitutes a protection right
uniformly governing the extent of the protection conferred and offering a strong guarantee.
The choice of the national route for protection of an invention generally leads to national
rights with differing extents of protection because of the fact that there are differences
in the structure of grant procedures and the fact that they are conducted in parallel by
several offices.
Taking into account the fees to be paid in the course of the granting procedure and
representation for one qualified representative plus the cost of conducting the
procedure in only one language, the cost of obtaining a European patent is generally
approximately the same as that of obtaining three to four national patents. So if
patent protection is desired for several states, a European patent application may
be much less expensive and less time-consuming than filing for patent applications
with individual national patent offices.
The European procedure is conducted in one of the three official languages of the EPO
(English, French, German), depending on the language that the applicant chooses to use
for filing the applications (Art. 14.1). In addition, applicants from contracting states
whose language is not one of the EPO's official languages are granted advantages as regards
languages and fees. The EPO rules specify that the language of the proceedings at the office
will be the same as the language in which the application is originally filed.
4. PERSONS ENTITLED TO APPLY FOR AND OBTAIN EUROPEAN PATENTS
A European patent application may be filed by any natural or legal person, or any body
equivalent to a legal person by virtue of the law governing it.
A European patent application may also be filed either by
joint applicants or by
two or more applicants designating different Contracting States.
5. EFFECTS OF THE EUROPEAN PATENT AND THE EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION
The term of the European patent shall be 20 years from the date that the application is
filed.
From the date of publication of its granting, a European patent confers upon its proprietor
the same rights as would be conferred by a national patent granted in that State for each
Contracting State for which it is granted.
Any infringement of a European patent shall be dealt with under national law.
6. PROCEDURE
The procedure for the granting of a European patent is completely regulated by the
EPC. Once the patent is granted, it is subject to the respective national legislation
and is equated with a national patent.
Filing the Patent Application
A European patent application can be filed (a) at the European Patent Office in
Munich or at its branch in The Hague, Berlin or (b) if the law of a Contracting
State permits, at the central industrial property office or other competent authority
in that state. The states where protection is sought must be designated in the
application, but since not all the states party to the Convention need to be
designated, a selection can be made. The application contains (a) a request for
the grant of a European patent; (b) a description of the invention; (c) one or more
claims; (d) any drawings referred to in the description or the claims; (e) an abstract.
Examination of formal requirements
If a filing date has been assigned and the application is not deemed to be withdrawn,
the Receiving Section of the EPO will check the applicant's request for compliance with
formal requirements such as those relating to the description, claims, drawings etc. If
the EPO notes that there are deficiencies which may be corrected, it will give the applicant
an opportunity to do so.
Publication of the Patent Application (A Document)
The application will be published 18 months after the date on which the patent
application was originally filed, either with a national patent office or as a
so-called direct application with the EPO. In the case of an application that claims
a national priority date and which was filed one year after the priority date,
publication will be carried out six months after the application was filed with
the EPO. The EPO does not issue an 18-month publication if a) it is designated
in an international patent application (PCT application) and b) the WIPO has already
published the application in one of the EPO's official languages, i.e. English, German
or French. International patent applications in which the EPO is designated are called
"Euro-PCT applications". However, at the request of the applicant, the application may
be published before the expiry of the 18-month period. It will be published simultaneously
with the publication of the European patent when the grant of the patent has become effective
and before the expiry of the 18-month period. The publication contains a description, claims
and drawings as filed, possibly together with the European search report and the abstract.
The last two are included if they are available before the end of the technical preparations
for publication. Starting on the publication date, a European application provides provisional
protection against the invention's use by third parties in all designated states if the claims
are available in (one of) the official language(s) of the designated national patent offices.
European Search Report
The Search Division of the European Patent Office draws up a European search report
on the basis of the claims, taking into consideration description and drawings where
necessary. The search report is published either together with the application or later.
The applicant then has six months from the publication of the search report to decide whether
to file a request for a substantive examination.
Request for Examination
Upon request, the European Patent Office examines whether the invention meets the
requirements of the EPC regarding novelty, inventive step, and industrial applicability.
A request for examination has to be filed by the applicant within six months of the date
on which the European Patent Bulletin features the publication of the European search report.
If no request for examination has been filed by the end of this period, the application is deemed
to be withdrawn.
Substantive Examination (Withdrawal, Refusal)
The examination of the patent application aims to determine whether the requirements of
novelty, inventive step and industrial applicability are fulfilled or not. In the first
case, the patent will be granted. In the second case, if the examination of a patent
application reveals that it does not meet the requirements of the EPC, the Examining
Division invites the applicant to file observations. Hence, the applicant will have
an opportunity to comment on all remarks made by the examiner. If the applicant fails
to reply in due time, the application is deemed to be withdrawn. The examination will
lead to the refusal of the application if the examiner comes to the final conclusion
that the application or the invention to which it relates does not meet the requirements
of novelty, inventive step or industrial applicability.
Granting the Patent: Announcement and Patent Publication
Once granted, a European patent breaks down into a bundle of national patents.
In most Contracting States, for the patent to take effect and be enforceable
against infringers, a translation of the patent has to be filed with the designated
national patent office in its official language if the European Patent was published
in another language. Details are given in the respective national laws. The granting
of the patent is published in the European Patent Bulletin. At the same time, the EPO
publishes the patent as a so-called B1-document, with bibliographical data, description,
claims and any drawings.
Opposition
The EPC provides for a "belated" opposition procedure following the grant procedure.
Accordingly, third parties have nine months during which they may oppose a patent that
they believe should not have been granted. The EPO decisions may be appealed against,
and are then reviewed by the Office's independent Boards of Appeal. The opposition
procedure can lead to the revocation or total or partial maintenance of the European patent.
After the nine-month period, legal proceedings for revocation can only be performed
in individual states and are governed by national law.
Patent Publication in Case of Restriction (B2 Document)
The EPC provides for a "belated" opposition procedure following the grant procedure.
Accordingly, third parties have nine months during which they can oppose a patent they
think should not have been granted. The EPO decisions can be appealed and are then reviewed
by the independent Boards of Appeal. The opposition procedure can lead to the revocation or
maintenance of the European patent.
After the nine-month period, legal proceedings for revocation can only be performed
in individual states and are governed by the relevant national law.
European patent becomes a national patent in designated EPC member states
Widerruf
The EPC provides for a "belated" opposition procedure following the grant procedure.
Accordingly, third parties have 9 months during which they can oppose a patent they think
should not have been granted. The EPO decisions are appealable, and are then reviewed by
the Office?s independent Boards of Appeal. The opposition procedure can lead to the revocation
or maintenance of the European patent.
After the nine-month period, legal proceedings for revocation can only be performed
in individual states and depend on the respective national law.
Board of Appeal
An appeal can be filed against decisions of the Receiving Section, Examining Divisions,
Opposition Divisions and the Legal Division of the EPO. The appeal, which must be filed
in writing within two months from the date of notification of such decisions, has a
suspended effect. This means that the contested decisions do not yet become final
and their effects are suspended. The appeal is referred to the department whose
decision is contested and, if that department considers it to be admissible and
well founded, it rectifies its decision. Otherwise the appeal is remitted to the
Board of Appeals.
A European patent application may be filed:
- at the European Patent Office at Munich or its branch in The Hague, or Berlin
- if the law of a Contracting State so permits, at the central industrial
property office or other competent authority of that State. An application
filed in this way shall have the same effect as if it had been filed on the
same date at the European Patent Office.
6.1. COMPONENTS OF A EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION
European patent applications consist of the following four or five parts:
REQUEST FOR GRANT
The request must be filed on the official EPO request for grant form. If an applicant's
request for grant is not initially made on the official form, this will not prevent a
filing date being accorded, provided the application meets the above-mentioned requirements.
DESCRIPTION
The description is the basis for the claims. The description of the invention discloses
details enabling an expert skilled in the art to reproduce it. The description is a full
and detailed explanation of the invention and how it works. The description may be
accompanied by drawings. The applicant must disclose how his invention works in
sufficient detail. The description must explain the invention fully at the time
of filing. Additional information cannot be added later. If the description does
not contain enough information the patent may not be granted. There should be no
obviously irrelevant or unnecessary statement or other matter. The patent application
must not contain statements or other matter contrary to ordre public or morality. Nor
should it contain statements disparaging the products or processes of any person other
than the applicant, or the merits or validity of applications or patents of any such person.
CLAIMS
Patent claims indicate the scope of the protection. The claims must define the subject-
matter for which patent protection is sought in terms of its technical features. They
must be clear and concise and supported by the description.
ABSTRACT
The abstract is purely for technical information purposes and cannot be used to
assess the patentability of the invention.
DRAWINGS
The application may also contain drawings. These are a useful supplement to the
description as they can illustrate the advantageous features and uses of the invention.
6.2. FIRST PART OF THE PROCEDURE
The
first part of the procedure is carried out by the EPO branch at The Hague and
the Berlin sub-office. It includes the examination on filing, the formalities examinations,
the preparation of the European search report and the publication of the application and the
search report.
6.3. SECOND PART OF THE PROCEDURE
The
second part of the procedure, handled by the Examining Divisions in Munich
(orThe Hague or Berlin), includes the substantive examination and grant. An Examining
Division consists of three technical examiners, who may be joined by a legally qualified
examiner if necessary. Nevertheless, the processing of the application prior to a final
decision is normally entrusted entirely to one technical examiner who issues the necessary
communications and keeps in touch with the applicant.
This second part of the procedure is closed either by the granting of a patent or refusal
of the patent application.
6.4. THIRD PART OF THE PROCEDURE
The
third part of the procedure consists of the opposition proceedings. The examination
of oppositions is handled by the Opposition Divisions in Munich, which are composed on the same
basis as the Examining Divisions, but only one member of the Opposition Division may have taken
part in the earlier proceedings for the granting of the patent. This member is not entitled to
be the head of the Opposition Division in question.
The appeals procedure constitutes a
special procedural phase. Appeals can be filed during the
three aforementioned parts of the procedure against decisions of the Receiving Section, the Examining
Divisions, the Opposition Divisions and the Legal Division. A decision that does not terminate proceedings
can only be appealed together with the final decision, unless a separate appeal is allowed in that decision.
Decisions regarding appeals are heard by the Boards of Appeal, also in Munich.
A more detailed survey of the procedure can be viewed on the website of the
European Patent Office.
7. REVOCATION
Regarding revocation, there are homogeneous national regulations that comply with the
regulations in the EPC.
8. CONTRACTING STATES
The updated list of contracting states may be found here.
A number of other countries are expected to become members in due course.
A European patent is not automatically granted for all EPC Contracting States.
Applicants must designate the states for which they seek protection when filing.
9. EXTENSION STATES
European patent applications and patents can also be extended to countries that
are signatories to agreements to that effect with the European Patent Organisation.
Several non-Contracting States have concluded an Extension Agreement with the EPO,
providing European patent applicants with an efficient way of also obtaining protection
in these countries. The extension system largely corresponds to the EPC system operating
in the EPC Contracting States, except that it is not based on direct application of the
EPC but solely on national law modelled on the EPC. It is therefore subject to the national
rules of the country concerned.
US Patent Procedure
Application
Specification
Claims
Drawings
Set forth the invention clearly and with particularity so that the Patent Office can tell what the
invention is.
Filing
After drafting the patent application, file it with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Examination
The Patent Office receives the application and assigns it to a group of Examiners who constantly examine patent
applications dealing with the same sort of invention. Upon receiving the patent application, the examining group
queues it up behind the other pending patent applications. Once the application is taken up by an Examiner, the
claims of the application will be searched to see if they would protect subject matter that has already been invented.
This is a patent search performed by the Examiner, who then reviews the results of the search. After reviewing the
patents, the Examiner communicates in writing to the inventor whether or not the application can issue as a patent.
If it cannot, the Examiner explains why not in an Office Action.
Office Action
Very few patent applications are allowed upon submission. Drawings commonly have errors, but are used for
examination purposes. Sometimes, the Examiner finds the invention has been invented before and no patent will
issue. Sometimes, the Examiner will find patents that are not quite the same as your invention, but when
combined, yield the same invention that you have.
Reply
If the Examiner has not allowed the claims, you can respond in writing by amending the claims and/or indicating
how the Examiner has misinterpreted or incorrectly applied the patents found or the laws applicable to patent
applications.
Further Examination
The Examiner further examines the application in light of the amendments and/or remarks set forth in the
Reply. If the Examiner is persuaded that the application should issue as a patent, a Notice of Allowance
is sent to the inventor. If not, the Examiner issues a Final Office Action setting forth why a patent cannot
issue.
Final Office Action
The Examiner has determined that the claims are not patentable. You may appeal or re-file the application
in order to pursue it further. However, due to recent changes in the law, if a patent issues in the future,
the period during which it can be enforced is calculated from the date of filing of the first application
and not the date of issue of the patent. The term of a patent is now 20 years from the date of initial filing.
Reply After Final
The inventor can make a Reply after the Examiner has made a Final Rejection. Often, these Replies amend the
application to conform with any requirements the application has made.
Advisory Action
Sometimes, when a Reply After Final has been made, the Examiner will issue an Advisory Action indicating
the status of the application. The Final Rejection is still in force, but the inventor may have gained some
ground in the application process.
Appeal, Continuing Application or Abandonment
While an appeal can be made appealing the Final Rejection, inventors often either re-file the patent application
or concede the Examiner's rejection(s) and let the application go abandoned.
Notice of Allowance and Issue Fee Due
The Examiner has determined that the application should issue as a patent. Formal drawings are usually submitted
at this point. The issue fee must be paid for the patent to issue.
Pay Issue Fee, Submit Formal Drawings
Upon receipt of these from the inventor, the Patent Office will proceed with issuance of the patent.
Patent Issues
Congratulations! Your application has issued as a patent and (upon payment of maintenance fees) is enforceable
for up to 20 years from the date of initial filing.
Maintenance Fees at 3 1/2, 7 1/2, and 11 1/2 years
To maintain the patent as enforceable, maintenance fees are due at these times to prevent the patent from
lapsing and becoming unenforceable. You generally cannot sue for infringement if the patent has lapsed.
Patent Expires at 20 years from filing (14 years from issue for designs)
By affording protection for inventors during the patent-enforcement period, society as a whole benefits
from the disclosure of new and useful inventions. Having had exclusive rights to the invention for the
period of the patent, anyone can practice the invention once it has expired.
International and regional applications
PATENT COOPERATION TREATY
1. INTRODUCTION
For applicants who seek protection for an invention in each of a large number
of countries it is also possible to file an international patent application.
In accordance with the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), concluded in Washington
on 19 June 1970, international patent applications can be filed with national
patent offices qualified as "receiving" offices, with the European Patent Office,
or with the International Bureau of the WIPO. The updated list of the PCT Contracting
States may be found
here. At the moment there are 115 states that
have adhered to the PCT.
The states party to the European Patent Convention can be designated as a single
block. Thus, a European patent is also available by way of the Patent Cooperation
Treaty.
The advantage of the system is that, by filing only one international application
with one Office, an applicant can obtain the effect of regular national filings in
any of the designated PCT Contracting states without initially having to hand in a
translated application or pay national fees. The national patent granting procedure
and the related high expenses are postponed, in the majority of cases, by up to 18 months
(or even longer in the case of some Offices), as compared with the traditional patent system.
No "international" patent will be granted as a result of an international application,
which merely represents a preliminary stage of the regional or national procedure. Each
international application is the subject of an international search, the aim of which is
to discover relevant prior art.
On request, an International Preliminary Examination Report can be issued providing a
preliminary and non-binding opinion as to whether the invention appears to be new,
involves an inventive step, and is industrially applicable.
This preliminary work is used by the individual national patent offices and by the
European Patent Office when the international application has entered the national
or regional phase, respectively. Such applications have a special importance in
those states where the patent offices do not examine patent applications for
novelty and inventive step.
The PCT system offers advantages for applicants, since it also makes it possible
to file an application in a single language for a large number of states world-wide,
while claiming the priority of the original application, even shortly before the expiry
of the priority period.
A further advantage is that the PCT system gives, in contrast to national or regional
applications, additional time to decide on the states in which patent protection is
finally sought
That is to say, when an international patent application has been filed, all national
procedures in the designated states are delayed until the end of the 20th month from
the priority date. Alternatively, if an international preliminary examination is
requested before the end of the 19th month from the priority date, all national
procedures in the designated states are delayed until the end of the 30th month
from that date.
This delay gives applicants more time before the national requirements have to be
fulfilled. In particular, the subsequent costs for the national procedures can be
paid later. Furthermore, the substantive examination and other processing of the
international patent application before the national offices is facilitated by the
international search, which enables necessary amendments to be made to the application
even before the national procedure starts.
2. INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL PHASES
The PCT procedure consists of two main phases, the international and the national
phase. The international phase consists of the following four steps:
- Filing of the International Application by the applicant
- International Search Report
- Publication of the International Application and the International Search Report
- Optional: the International Preliminary Examination Report
The international phase is followed by the national phase wherein the patents are
granted by the national or regional patent offices.
3. APPLICATION PROCEDURE
In general, an international patent application can be filed in any language
which the receiving office is prepared to accept. However, it is necessary to
file in at least one language that is accepted by the International Searching
Authority (ISA) and which is one of the languages in which international patent
applications are published. Nonetheless, it is possible to hand in a translation
of the application for the purpose of the international search.
An international application has to contain the following elements:
- Request
- Description
- Claim
- Drawings
- Abstract
Filing of the Patent Application
An international patent application can be filed by nationals or residents of
one of the PCT Contracting States with the national patent office that will act
as a PCT "receiving" office or with the International Bureau of WIPO. An international
patent application corresponds to a national patent application in those PCT Contracting
States "designated" in the application. The states party to a regional patent treaty (such
as the ARIPO Harare Protocol, the Eurasian Patent Convention, the European Patent Convention
and the OAPI Agreement) can also be designated as a single bloc. Thus, for example, a European
patent is also available by way of the PCT.
International Search
During the "international phase" of the PCT procedure (see "National or Regional
Phase"), every international patent application is subjected to an "international
search" carried out by an International Searching Authority (ISA). The international
search is a high-quality search in patent documents and other technical literature.
International Searching Authorities (ISA) are the national offices of Australia,
Austria, China, Japan, the Russian Federation, Spain, Sweden and the United States
of America, and the European Patent Office.
International Search Report
Four or five months after the filing (or 10 months if no priority is claimed)
The results of the international search are set out in an "International Search
Report" which is made available by the fourth or fifth month (or tenth month, if
no priority is claimed) after the international patent application is filed. The
International Search Report contains no comments on the value of the invention,
but lists citations of documents showing prior art relevant to the claims of
the international patent application. The report gives an indication of the
possible relevance of the citations to the questions of novelty and inventive
step. The search report shows the chances of obtaining patents in the designated
states and/or regions. A favourable search report (that is to say, one in which
there seem to be no limitations to prevent the patent being granted) will be
helpful during the granting process at the national or regional office dealing
with the application during the national or regional phase of the PCT procedure
(see "National or Regional Phase"). If a search report is unfavourable, the applicant
has the opportunity to amend the claims in the international patent application or to
withdraw the application before it is published by the International Bureau of WIPO.
International Preliminary Examination Report
International Preliminary Examination Report
Under the PCT system, the applicant has the option of having an international preliminary
examination of the application carried out. This is for the purpose of the patent granting
procedure in any of the PCT Contracting States that recognise the international preliminary
examination procedure. This preliminary examination will be made on the basis of the international
search report. The results of the international preliminary examination are set out in an "international
preliminary examination report". The report consists of an opinion on the compliance with the internationally
accepted criteria of patentability such as novelty, inventive step and industrial applicability with regard to
each of the application claims. If the report is favourable, the applicant has a stronger foundation on which to
deal with national and regional patent offices when processing a patent application before them. The international
preliminary examination report is an important reference but is not binding for those offices.
International Publication
The International Bureau publishes the international application 18 months after the priority date.
National Phase or Regional Phase
Twenty months after the priority date (30 and or 31 months if a preliminary examination has been requested).
The granting of a patent is the responsibility of the designated national or regional patent offices. The start of
the processing of an international application before those offices (the "national phase" or "regional phase"), including
examination as to substance is, however, delayed. For citizens of Member States of the EPC, the European Patent Office is
competent for the regional phase when EP is designated in the international application. These international applications
are also called "Euro-PCT" applications. All national procedures in the designated states are delayed until the end of the
20th month from the priority date. If an international preliminary examination is requested before the end of the 19th
month from the priority date, this is delayed until the end of the 30th month from that date. The delay gives the applicant
at least eight more months (or 18 months if a preliminary examination has been requested) before national requirements have
to be fulfilled. This additional time can be used to evaluate the chances of obtaining patents and of exploiting the invention
commercially in the various designated countries. This time is also useful for assessing its technical value as well as the
continued need for protection in those countries.
3.1. FILING OF THE PATENT APPLICATION
An international patent application can be filed by nationals or residents of
one of the PCT Contracting States with the national patent office that will act
as a PCT "receiving" office or with the International Bureau of WIPO.
An international patent application corresponds to a national patent application
in those PCT Contracting States "designated" in the application. The states party
to a regional patent treaty (such as the ARIPO Harare Protocol, the Eurasian Patent
Convention, the European Patent Convention and the OAPI Agreement) can also be
designated as a single bloc. Thus, for example, a European patent is also available
by way of the PCT.
3.2. INTERNATIONAL SEARCH
During the "international phase" of the PCT procedure (see "National or Regional
Phase"), every international patent application is subjected to an "international
search" carried out by an International Searching Authority (ISA).
The international search is a high-quality search in patent documents and other
technical literature to establish a report setting out the relevant prior art.
International Searching Authorities (ISA) are the national offices of Australia,
Austria, China, Japan, the Russian Federation, Republic of Korea, Spain, Sweden
and the United States of America, and the European Patent Office.
3.3. INTERNATIONAL SEARCH REPORT
The results of the international search are set out in an "International Search
Report" which is made available by the fourth or fifth month (or tenth month,
if no priority is claimed) after the international patent application is filed.
The International Search Report contains no comments on the value of the invention,
but lists citations of documents showing prior art relevant to the claims of the
international patent application. The report gives an indication of the possible
relevance of the citations to the questions of novelty and inventive step.
The search report shows the chances of obtaining patents in the designated states
and/or regions. A favourable search report (that is to say, one in which there
seem to be no limitations to prevent the granting of a patent) will be helpful
during the granting process at the national or regional office dealing with the
application during the national or regional phase of the PCT procedure (see "National
or Regional Phase").
If a search report is unfavourable, the applicant has the opportunity to amend the
claims in the international patent application or to withdraw the application before
it is published by the International Bureau of WIPO.
3.4. INTERNATIONAL PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION REPORT
Under the PCT system, the applicant has the option of having an international
preliminary examination of the application carried out. This is for the purpose
of the patent granting procedure in any of the PCT Contracting States that
recognise the international preliminary examination procedure.
This preliminary examination will be made on the basis of the international search
report. The applicant has to pay a fee for this report. The results of the international
preliminary examination are set out in an "international preliminary examination report".
The report consists of an opinion on compliance with the internationally accepted criteria
of patentability such as novelty, inventive step and industrial applicability with regard
to each of the application claims. If the report is favourable, the applicant has a stronger
foundation on which to deal with the national and regional patent offices when processing a
patent application before them. The applicant can decide whether to continue seeking patent
protection in several countries, to pay the national fees and professional fees for patent
agents abroad, and to incur the cost of preparing translations. The international preliminary
examination report is an important reference but is not binding for those offices.
3.5. INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATION
Eighteen months after the priority date, the international application is published by the
International Bureau, together with the international search report and any amendments of
claims which may be made by the applicant, and is then transmitted to the applicant and
the designated Offices.
3.6. NATIONAL PHASE OR REGIONAL PHASE
If the applicant has decides whether and in which states he will proceed with his application
he has to fulfil the various national requirements. Therefore, the national or regional
patent offices are responsible for granting patents.
For citizens of Member States of the EPC, the European Patent Office is competent
for the regional phase when EP is designated in the international application.
These international applications are also called "Euro-PCT" applications.
This time is also useful for assessing its technical value as well as the continued
need for protection in those countries.
3.7. ELECTRONIC FILING
In order to facilitate application it is also possible to file PCT international applications
electronically. Sending the application in electronic form can reduce application fees. Applicants
can download the software from the WIPO homepage or receive it on CD-ROM or diskette. The software
is available in all PCT publication languages (i.e. Chinese, English, French, German, Japanese,
Russian and Spanish). It can be downloaded from the Internet from the
PCT-SAFE page, and may also
be obtained from the PCT-SAFE Help Desk:
e-mail
Telephone: (+41-22) 338 95 23 (opening hours from 08:30 - 16:00 Central European Time)
Facsimile: (+41-22) 338 80 40
EURASIAN PATENT CONVENTION
Under the Eurasian patent system, Eurasian patents can be obtained through a
single procedure. The patents are granted jointly for a number of republics
that were part of the former Soviet Union. However, after being granted, the
patents have to be maintained individually in these republics in order to remain
effective. The contracting states are listed
here.
AFRICAN REGIONAL INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY ORGANIZATION (ARIPO)
A patent granted under the ARIPO system has the same effects in the designated
contracting states as a national patent. The contracting states are listed
here.
AFRICAN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANIZATION (AIPO)
Contrary to the case for European patents and for ARIPO patents, patent registration
with the AIPO Office automatically covers the African AIPO member states at once,
without requiring registration and/or validation or confirmation in the various
countries. The member states of this convention are listed
here.